"THE IMPARTIAL HISTORY" by Manolis Andronikos

[Ptolemy]

"THE IMPARTIAL HISTORY" by Manolis Andronikos
TO BHMA, 25 Augoustou 1991
Nees Epoxes / Tmnma B
selida B.4
(ar8ro A, stnles 3 kai 4)


It is indeed difficult, if not impossible, to arrive at an impartial view of History, even in the case of the most distant events, even if there seems to be no interaction between them and the historian. The most recent example, one that corroborates the validity of this thesis, is provided by two works of History that have just been published. They are both concerned with the History of Macedonia, and are written by recognized historians. The first one is titled "In the Shadow of Olympus. The Emergence of Macedon", Princeton 1990, and is authored by Eugene Borza, professor at the Pennsylvania State University.The second one is titled "The Miracle that was Macedonia", London 1991, and has been written by the well known British historian N.G.L.Hammond, author of the monumental three-volume treatise "A History of Macedonia". The reader of E.Borza's book is taken aback upon encountering, in the first chapter (devoted to the history of the historiography on Macedonia), a sub-chapter titled "Macedonian Studies and the `Macedonian Question'", where the author refers to Macedonia's recent history, its liberation, the Greek civil war and our neighbors' claims, centered on Thessaloniki. That this inserted sub-chapter has nothing to do with either the history of Ancient Macedonia (the subject of the book) or the history of the Macedonian historiography is evident. (Later on, the reader is to be surprised by the author's information on Greek President's K. Karamanlis interest in the excavations in Macedonia.)

Borza is certainly an earnest historian and he knows how to document his views maintaining a critical approach, so that the reader is convinced that he seeks and attains historical objectivity. So, concluding chapter 4, titled "Who were the Macedonians?", he writes: "As an ethnic question it is best avoided, since the mainly modern political overtones tend to obscure the fact that is really not a very important issue. They may or may not have been Greeks in whole or in part is really not crucial to our understanding of their history... Their adoption of some aspects of Hellenism over a long period of time is more important than the genetic structure of either the Macedonian population or their royal house in particular. <p.96>

This ostensibly distanced wording is at odd terms with his persistent effort to reject every single source that attests to the Greekness of the Macedonians or even just that of their royal house, undeniably affirmed by Herodotus and Hesiod. And when he has to face the unshakeable testimony of the Vergina epigraphs, confirming that, by the end of 5th century at the latest, Macedonians had Greek names, he footnotes: "This argument (of Andronikos) is true enough only as far as it goes. It neglects that the hellenization of the Macedonians might have occured earlier than the age of Philip and Alexander, and cannot therefore serve as a means of proving that the Macedonians were a Greek tribe". <p.91, n.29>

On this same topic, N.G.L. Hammond writes that the Vergina stelae prove beyond doubt the Greekness of the Macedonians; for the British historian does not overlook Hesiod's testimony that the mythical progenitor of the Macedonians, Macedon, was the son of Zeus and Thyia (Deukalion's daughter and Hellen's sister) and a brother of Magnis; nor does he ignore Herodotus' testimonies on the `dorikon kai makednon ethnos' (`dorian and macedonian nation') and the origins of the Macedonian royal house in Argos, verified by Olympia's "Helleno-Judges". It is worth mentioning that in his N.G.L. Hammond "History of Greece", published in 1959, N.G.L. Hammond was not that assertive on the issue of the Macedonians' ethnicity, even though he never arrived at conclusions such as those of E. Borza. After a thorough investigation of both the written sources and the archeological findings, however, he was led into his recent views.

As a scientist rather than a Greek, having engaged throughout my life in research at the cradle of the Macedonians, ancient Aegea, I have no doubt on the correctness of Hammond's views. To strengthen this even further, I may add that right now we have in our hands a recent find from Vergina: a 500 BCE inscription bearing the Greek name of Peperias, carved in beautiful Greek letters on a silver vase. And I do hope that additional epigraphical findings will soon corroborate all that has been demonstrated so far to us by the extensive archeological discoveries.

[akritas]

This article written in a timing before the recognition of the ancient Macedonian language as a Greek that was a result of the Pella Katadesmos.
I can imagine both of them if they have the present results of the several searches as about the epigraphical findings.

Related articles
http://www.macedoniaontheweb.com/for...hread.php?t=61
http://www.macedoniaontheweb.com/for...hread.php?t=97

PS:Perseas I am just underlined a quote in the last paragraph

[Spartan]

Hey Akritas here is some more evidence regarding to the Epigraphical evidence as well as the Pella Katadesmos and Common Macedonian names.


The FYROMs base one of their arguments on the case that the Ancient Macedonians spoke a different "Language".


From the foolowing site: historyofmacedonia.org


http://www.historyofmacedonia.org/An...greeklie6.html




You can also click here to go directly to AncientSculptureGallery.com's Hellenistic, Macedonian, Greek, and Roman sculptures. Ancient Sculpture Gallery has 9 different busts, statues, and plaques of Alexander the Great (including the famous Alexander Sarcophagus) and sculptures of Philip of Macedon, Demosthenes, Achilles, Hippocrates, Caesar, Apollo, Aphrodite, Heracles, Pan, Orpheus, Zeus, Artemis, Hermes, Dionysus, Athena, Perseus, Medusa, Eros, Centaur, Lapith, Nike, the Maenads, the Muses, the Graces, etc.



"There is no ancient Macedonian Language but a Greek dialect"
Greek claim 6



If the modern Greeks want to deny the ancient Macedonians their spoken language, then, they need to rewrite the history to suit their version.

[1] Quintus Curtius Rufus "The History of Alexander"

"Alexander the Great speaks in front of the Macedones of his army: "The Macedonians are going to judge your case," he said. "Please state whether you will use your native language before them."

Philotas: "Besides the Macedonians, there are many present who, I think, will find what I am going to say easier to understand if I use the language you yourself have been using, your purpose, I believe, being only to enable more people to understand you."

Then the king said: "Do you see how offensive Philotas find even his native language? He alone feels an aversion to learning it. But let him speak as he pleases - only remember he as contemptuous of our way of life as he is of our language". [p.138]

This is Alexander himself talking about "our way of life" and "our language" "Macedonians are going to judge your case" There is no need for any explanation.

[2] Eugene Borza. "The lesson is clear: the use of the Greek language as a form of written expression does not by itself identify the ethnicity of a culture". ("In the Shadow of Olympus -The Emergence of Macedon", p. 94.)

"As the Macedonians settled the region following the expulsion of existing peoples, they probably introduced their own customs and language(s); there is no evidence that they adapted any existing language, even though they were now in contact with neighboring populations who spoke a variety of Greek and non-Greek tongues."

"Hammond's firm conclusion that the Macedonian spoke a distinctive dialect of Aeolic Greek is unconvincing to me, resting as it does on an interpretation of a bit of myth quoted by Hellanicus, who made Aeolus the father of the legendary progenitor Macedon". ("In the Shadow of Olympus" p.92.)

"The handful of surviving genuine Macedonian words - not loan words from a Greek - do not show the changes expected from a Greek dialect. And even had they changed at some point it is unlikely that they would have reverted to their original form". ("In the Shadow of Olympus" p.93.)

"As a question of method: why would an area three hundred miles north of Athens - not colonized by Athens - used an Attic dialect, unless it were imported? That is, the Attic dialect could hardly be native, and its use is likely part of the process of Hellenization. To put the question differently: if the native language of the Macedonians is Greek, what is its Macedonian dialect?"

"On the matter of language, and despite attempts to make Macedonian a dialect of Greek, one must accept the conclusion of linguist R.A.Crossland in the recent CAH, that an insufficient amount of Macedonian has survived to know what language it was".

[3] Earnst Badian "Stadies in the History of Art vol. 10: Macedonia and Greece In Late Classical and Early Hellenistic Times"

Regarding the Cleitus' episode, Ernst Badian writes: "He used the only language in which his guards could be addressed".. [Note: The guards could be addressed in Macedonian language.]

Episode #2. Eumenes of Cardia. In 321 B.C., Greek commander Ambiance, with cavalry and light arms only, faced the Macedonian noble, Neoptholemus, with the Macedonian phalanx. To avoid battle Xennias, a man whose speech was Macedonian, was sent by Eumenes to negotiate with the commander of the phalanx. Badian analyzes:

"Now, Xennias' name at once shows him to be a Macedonian. Since he was in Ambiance entourage he was presumably a Macedonian of superior status, who spoke both standard Greek and his native language. He was the man who could be trusted to transmit Ambiance' message. This clearly shows that the phalanx had to be addressed in Macedonian, if one wanted to be sure (as Ambiance certainly did) that they would understand. And almost equally interesting - he did not address them himself, as he and other commanders normally address soldiers who understood them, nor did he sent a Greek. The suggestion is surely that Macedonian was the language of the infantry and that Greek was a difficult, indeed a foreign language to them. We may thus take it as certain that, when Alexander used Macedonian in addressing his guards, that too was because it was their normal language, and because (like Ambiance) he had to be sure he would be understood".

[4] Ulrich Wilcken in his book 'Alexander the Great' on p.22 notes that "linguistic science has at its disposal a very limited quantity of Macedonian words" [Wilken mentions Macedonian and not Greek words]

[5] "The Tumult and the Shouting: Two Interpretations of the Cleitus Episode", (published by APA in The Ancient History Bulletin, Vol. 10, number 1, 1996) [I will not endeavor myself with "their" Hammond-Bosworth fight, for obvious reasons. What I will do, however, is lift certain references where these giants, specifically, deal/address the ancient Macedonian language in question.]

[6] p.20, line 23. "Alexander shouted out in Macedonian, and called the hypaspists in Macedonian".

[7] p.25, line 4. "In my view", writes Bosworth, " there is nothing at all surprising in the use of Macedonian. Alexander was calling his hypaspists, who were Macedonians, and he addressed them in their native language/dialect. In Hammond's view, however, the hypaspists would normally have been addressed in standard Greek. Macedonian proper he restricts to the people of the old kingdom, Lower Macedonian, while the tribes of the mountain districts of Pindus (Upper Macedonia) spoke a dialect of West Greek. The evidence for this hypothesis is decidedly tenuous."

[8] p.25 elaboration: Bosworth cont. "I deliberately refrain from adopting any position on the linguistic status of ancient Macedonians. It has little significance outside the nationalistic propaganda of the contemporary Balkan states, in which prejudice and dogma do duty for rational thought. What matters for the present argument is the fact, explicit in Curtius, that Macedonian was largely unintelligible to non-Macedonians. Macedonians might understand Greek, and some Greek (like Eumenes) with experience of Macedon might speak Macedonian. However, even Eumenes took care that a vital message was conveyed to the phalangites of Neoptholemus by a man fluent in Macedonian."

[9] p.30, line 28, we find the final statement by Bosworth: "He used Macedonian because the troops would instantly understand and (he expected) would react immediately. There is no need for more complicated explanation."


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CONCLUSION

It should be no surprise that Alexander introduced the standard koine Greek language for his multi-ethnic empire. For that Greek language was already the only international language on which the people in antiquity communicated prior to the Macedonian conquest (just like English is international language today). The Macedonians were smart enough to keep this international Greek language for the Persians, Egyptians, Jews, and all the nations of his empire to communicate. Forcing all those people to learn now a new foreign Macedonian language (or any other one) would have only provoked an additional hatred and multi-ethnic resistance for the Macedonian occupation of Asia, Egypt, and Greece, which the Macedonians did not wanted to face. Unlike the Roman Empire, there was no single powerful centralized Macedonian Empire, but three main Macedonian kingdoms (Macedonia, Asia, Egypt) which were in conflict occasionally among each other, and the Macedonians needed such language standardization to help them maintain their power. That of course, does not mean that although the Macedonians, Persians, Egyptians, Jews, now communicated in Greek, that they all turned into Greeks, just like the African nations did not turn into French and English because of their usage of those two languages to communicate among themselves.

What is for certain is that Alexander spoke Macedonian with his own Macedonian troops and used Greek in addressing the Asians and Greeks. After all, the Macedonians were his kinsmen (precisely the way he calls them), not the Greeks. All these sources, both ancient and modern, specifically refer to Macedonian as a language and not as a dialect of Greek, and Alexander himself specifically calls the Macedonian - "our native language". During the trial of Philotas, Alexander himself clearly distinguishes his native Macedonian language from the Greek language which as a second language at the Macedonian court alongside with Macedonian, was used in diplomacy, a fact we found in the Philotas trial (Q. Curtius Rufus).

"What did others say about Macedonians? Here there is a relative abundance of information", writes Borza, "from Arrian, Plutarch (Alexander, Eumenes), Diodorus 17-20, Justin, Curtius Rufus, and Nepos (Eumenes), based upon Greek and Greek-derived Latin sources. It is clear that over a five-century span of writing in two languages representing a variety of historiographical and philosophical positions the ancient writers regarded the Greeks and the Macedonians as two separate and distinct peoples whose relationship was marked by considerable antipathy, if not outright hostility."

The conclusion is thus complete – ancient Macedonian was a separate Indo-European language, different from ancient Greek, just like the Macedonians were a separate nation different from the ancient Greek nation, and the claim that Macedonian was a "dialect of Greek" and that "Macedonians were Greeks", a claim that today is supported only by the modern Greeks and only out of political reasons, is absurd and ridiculous.








Here is what I have compiled on the matter

Commoners Grave Stelae Found in the dirt of the Great Tumulus

In between 1976 and 1977 during the excavations at the Great Tumulus tomb of Phillip II the archaeologist uncovered in the fill dirt hundreds of pieces of Stelae(Grave Markers) that belonged to the "COMMON PEOPLE". These Stelae are believed to have been broken into pieces by the Gallic guards of Pyrrhus around 274-273 B.C After his overthrow of the Macedonian king Antigonus Gonata. Reported by Plutarch, it is said that "in their greed and ignorance, they destroyed and desecrated the graves", stealing anything of value. These Stelae pieces were believed by many to have been used later to add to the dirt that covered the Tomb.

Now on those Stelae pieces that belonged top the "COMMON PERSON" they found 75 names.

Here is a list the commoners names(all of which are GREEK), here are just 51 of them:

1)Adymos
2)Agathon
3)Alketas
4)Alkimos
5)Ammia
6)Antigonos
7)Arpalos
8)Artemidoros
9)Chrisopolis
10)Efthias
11)Efxenos
12)Apicratis
13)Hermon
14)Heracleides
15)Kallias
16)Kevvas
17)Kleagoras
18)Kleandros
19)Kleitos
20)Kleio
21)Kleovoulos
22)Kleonymos
23)Krino
24)Laandros
25)Lykophron
26)Lysanias
27)Lysias
28)Meliteia
29)Menandros
30)Mynno
31)Nikostratos
32)Paggasta
33)Paramonos
34)Paton
35)Pefkolaos
36)Phila
37)Philistos
38)Philleas
39)Philon
40)Philotas
41)Pierion
42)Proxenos
43)Soklis
44)Strophakides
45)Strophakos
46)Teleftias
47)Tellos
48)Theodoros
49)Thefkritos
50)Theophanis
51)Xenocratis


This was originally posted by Akritas:

LANGUAGE


The Macedonians were a Dorian tribe, according to the testimony of Herodotus (1, 56): "(The Dorian ethnos) ... dwelt in Pindos, where it was called Makdnon; from there ... it came to the Peloponnesus, where it took the name of Dorian". And elsewhere (VIII, 43): "these (that is, the Lacedaimonians, Corinthians, Sikyonians etc.), except the people of Hermione, were of the Dorian and Makednon ethnos, and had most recently come from Erineos and Pindos and Dryopis". A Dorian tribe, then, that expanded steadily to the east of Pindos and far beyond, conquering areas in which dwelt other tribes, both Greek and non-Greek.

For many centuries, Macedonia remained on the fringe of the Greek world. In the mountainous regions of Macedonia, at least, the way of life will have consisted predominantly of transhumant pasturage. Education will, at best, have been confined to aristocratic circles and those connected with them. We do not, therefore, expect to find any written texts of a private nature from the Archaic period. In the rest of the Greek world, writing is related to the structure and mechanisms of the city-state, and is used mainly for the recording of justice in the broadest sense of the word. Under a monarchical regime like that of Macedonia, however, and in a world of nomads, we would hardly expect to find public documents.

At about the end of the 6th century BC, the changed socio-economic circumstances deriving from permanent settlement and the intensification of economic and cultural relations with the rest of the Greek world led to the creation of the preconditions for the use of writing, mainly for the purposes of diplomatic relations. The local dialect a member, as far as we can judge, of the group known as the north-west Greek dialects, which included Phokian, the Lokrian dialects, etc., had no written tradition, whether literary or other. Consequently, the rise of education and culture was to the detriment of the Macedonian speech. Attic was selected as the language of education, and the local dialect was "smothered" by the written language, the koine, and was never, or hardly ever, written down, being restricted to oral communication between Macedonians. From as early as the time of Alexander the Great, moreover, Macedonian lost ground to the koine in this sphere too, if we are to believe the historical sources, and there is certainly no evidence that it was spoken in the centuries after Christ. Only its memory was perpetuated through the use of personal names until the 4th century AD

Although very little of the Macedonian tongue has survived, there is no doubt that it was a Greek dialect. This is clear from a whole series of indications and linguistic phenomena by which the koine of the region is "colored" which are not Attic but which can only have derived from a Greek dialect. For example: The vast majority of even the earliest names, whether dynastic names or not, are Greek, formed from Greek roots and according to Greek models: Hadista, Philista, Sostrata, Philotas, Perdikkas, Machatas and hundreds of others. In general, the remnants of the Macedonian dialect that have come down to us have a completely different character from Ionic. This circumstance is patent proof that there can be no question of the ancient Macedonians having been Hellenized, as has been asserted (Karst), for such Hyalinization could have been only by the Greek colonies on the Macedonian coast, in which the Ionian element was predominant (Beloch).

The fact that Roman and Byzantine lexicographers and grammarians cited examples from Macedonian in order to interpret particular features of the Homeric epics must mean that Macedonian - or rather, what survived of Macedonian at the period in question - was a very archaic dialect, and preserved features that had disappeared from the other Greek dialects; it would be absurd to suggest that these scholars, in their commentaries on the Homeric poems, might have compared them with a non-Greek language. The name given to the Macedonian cavalry - hetairoi tou basileos - "the King's Companions" - is also indicative: this occurs only in Homer, and was preserved in the historical period only amongst the Macedonians.

The anonymous compiler of the Etymologicum Magnum notes in the entry on Aphrodite, probably adopting a comment by the earlier grammarian Didymos: "V is akin to F. This is clear from the fact that the Macedonians call Philip "Vilip" and pronounce falakros [bald] "valakros" the Phrygians "Vrygians" and the winds (fysitas) "vyktas". Homer refers to "vyktas anemous" (blowing winds). Observations of this type abound. Male and female names occur in Macedonian ending in -as and -a, where in Attic we have -es and -e: Alketas, Amyntas, Hippotas, Glauka, Eurydika, Andromacha, and dozens more. A feature bequeathed by Macedonian to the koine and also to Modern Greek is the genitive of so-called first declension masculine nouns in -a: Kallia, Teleutia, Pausanea (the Attic ending was -ou). The long alpha is retained in the middle of words (as in all dialects other than Ionic-Attic dialects): Damostratos, Damon etc. and Iaos" rather than the "Ieos" of Ionic Attic, is used to form compounds, occurring as both the first and the second element. The koine of Macedonia, for all its conservatism and dialect coloring, follows a parallel path to the koine of other regions, though not always at the same moment in time. Whatever the case, all the changes that marked the Greek language in general and the north Greek dialects in particular, can be followed in the inscriptions of Macedonia








Pella Katadesmos

"The Pella katadesmos is a katadesmos (a curse, or magic spell) inscribed on a lead scroll, dating to the 4th or 3rd century BC. It was found in Pella (at the time capital of Macedon) in 1986 and published in the Hellenic Dialectology Journal in 1993.

It is a magic spell or love charm written by a woman, possibly named Dagina, whose lover Dionysoph¨n (i.e. "Light of Dionysus") is apparently about to marry Thetima (i.e. "she who honors the gods"; the standard Attic form would be Theotim¨¥). She invokes "Makron and the demons" (parkattithemai makr¨ni kai [tois] daimosi, Attic would be para-kata-tithemai) to cause Dionysophon to marry her rather than Thetima, and never to marry another woman unless she herself recovers and unrolls the scroll.

Katadesmoi were spells written on non-perishable material, such as lead, stone or baked clay, and were secretly buried to ensure their physical integrity, which would then guarantee the permanence of their intended effects.

The language is a harsh but distinctly recognizable form of North-West or Doric Greek, and the low social status of its writer, as evidenced by her vocabulary and belief in magic, strongly hint that a unique form of Doric Greek was spoken by lay people in Pella at the time the tab was written (see below, Dating and Significance). Brixhe and Panayotou (1994:209) think a Macedonian origin of the text probable, but they point out that the population of Pella was not homogenously autochthonic, and they prefer to wait for a second find before making a definitive statement.




1. On the formal wedding of [Theti]ma and Dionysophon I write a curse, and of all other
2. wo[men], widows and virgins, but of Thetima in particular, and I entrust upon Makron and
3. [the] demons that only whenever I dig out and unroll and re-read this,
4. [then] may they wed Dionysophon, but not before; and may he never wed any woman but me;
5. and may [i] grow old with Dionysophon, and no one else. I [am] your supplicant:
6. Have mercy on [your dear one], dear demons, Dagina(?), for I am abandoned of all my dear ones.
7. But please keep this for my sake so that these events do not happen and wretched Thetima perishes miserably
8. and to me grant [ha]ppiness and bliss.
[edit]
Dating and significance
The tab has been dated by the original publishers to the "Mid-4th century BC or slightly earlier (letter forms, spelling)". This dating has been contested by Prof. Edmonds of Bryn Mawr College, who proposes a 3rd century BC date.

The former opinion is concurred by the Oxford Classical Dictionary, in which Professor Olivier Masson writes: "Yet in contrast with earlier views which made of it {i.e. Macedonian} an Aeolic dialect (O.Hoffmann compared Thessalian) we must by now think of a link with North-West Greek (Locrian, Aetolian, Phocidian, Epirote). This view is supported by the recent discovery at Pella of a curse tablet (4th cent. BC) which may well be the first 'Macedonian' text attested (provisional publication by E.Voutyras; cf. the Bulletin Epigraphique in Rev. Et. Grec. 1994, no.413); the text includes an adverb "opoka" which is not Thessalian." (OCD, 1996, pp 905, 906).

Of the same opinion is James L. O'Neil's (of the University of Sydney) presentation at the 2005 Conference of the Australasian Society for Classical Studies, entitled "Doric Forms in Macedonian Inscriptions" (abstract): "A fourth©\century BC curse tablet from Pella shows word forms which are clearly Doric, but a different form of Doric from any of the west Greek dialects of areas adjoining Macedon. Three other, very brief, fourth century inscriptions are also indubitably Doric. These show that a Doric dialect was spoken in Macedon, as we would expect from the West Greek forms of Greek names found in Macedon. And yet later Macedonian inscriptions are in Koine avoiding both Doric forms and the Macedonian voicing of consonants. The native Macedonian dialect had become unsuitable for written documents."





Now add the following to the above;


MACEDONIAN MONTHS



The Ancient Macedonian calendar year consisted of 12 synodic Lunar months (i.e. 354 days per year), which necessitated that 7 total embolimoi (intercalary) months be added into each 19-year Metonic cycle.

• Dios, moon of October
• Apellaios, moon of November, also a Spartan and Dorian month - Apellaiōn was a Tenian month
• Audnaios or Audēnaios, moon of December
• Peritios, moon of January
• Dystros, moon of February
• Xandikos or Xanthikos, moon of March
o (Xandikos Embolimos, intercalated 6 times over a 19-year cycle)
• Artemisios or Artamitios, moon of April, also a Spartan, Rhodian and Epidaurian month - Artemisiōn was an Ionic month
• Daisios, moon of May
• Panēmos or Panamos, moon of June, also an Epidaurian, Miletian, Samian and Corinthian month
• Lōios, moon of July - Ομολώιος, Homolōios, was an Aetolian, Boeotian and Thessalian month
• Gorpiaios, moon of August
• Hyperberetaios, moon of September - Hyperberetos was a Cretan month
o (Hyperberetaios Embolimos, intercalated once over a 19-year cycle)

How is it that the names of the 2nd and 7th months of the Macedonian calendar are the same as the Spartan one?

Sparta lies at the head of the Peloponnese, far away from Macedonia, in Southern Greece. Ancient Macedonians and Spartans had no contacts but nevertheless they both shared two month's names. How come?

The explanation: Both Macedonians and Spartans are (as stated by Herodotus) of Dorian stock. Not only were Macedonia and Sparta both kingdoms and warlike people but they had the same Dorian origin.

Moreover the 9th month is the same as the Corinthian and Epidaurian ones. The 12th month, the same as the Cretan. The 7th month is also Rhodian and Epidaurian. Corinthians, Cretans, Epidaurians and Rhodians are once again of Dorian stock.

The link? A common ancestry amongst these Dorian peoples.



From Hesychius "Greek Lexicon"


http://www.csad.ox.ac.uk/CSAD/Hesychius/Hesychius.html



from the Collection of Greek words by Hesychius, it is said that the majority of the words of the Macedonian language are in fact Greek, but with a few non-greek words(Those being Thracian and Illyrian). Hopefully within the next several years we will have a new complete publishing of Hesychius' work. Follows is a letter from the guy working on the Hesychius dictionary. He is currently working on the "Sigma" and we hope that once he completes this we will once and for all put the language of the Ancient Macedonians to rest.





"The Completion of Kurt Latte's Hesychius for the Danish Academy
Hesychius of Alexandria lived in the fifth century A.D. and compiled a dictionary of unusual or difficult Greek words with explanations in Greek. Approximately 51,000 entries make it the richest surviving Greek lexicon compiled until the invention of printing. It is of great importance to Ancient Greek studies because it contains countless words and expressions from poetry, administration, medicine, and so on, that are otherwise unknown or insufficiently explained. In particular, numerous words from the Greek dialects are important, not only for Greek but also for Indo-European philology.

The Lexicon suffered substantial alterations, including abridgements and additions on its way from the author to the only surviving manuscript (fifteenth century). The production of an edition that gives all important information about the manuscript and the work of earlier scholars, as well as meeting modern requirements for the noting of parallels in other lexicographical works, is a slow and difficult task. Marcus Musurus published the first edition in 1514 (reprinted in 1520 and 1521 with modest revisions). There have since been many plans for an edition, but only four were started. Of the four editors, only one, M. Schmidt, lived long enough to finish the work himself. His edition (1858-68) is now completely out of date.

A new edition was one of the most urgent requirements in Greek studies already when the German scholar KURT LATTE began preliminary work in the 1920s for the Danish Academy's Commission for Corpus Lexicographorum Graecorum. The project was severely hampered by the events of 1933-45. Volumes 1-2 were published in 1953 and (posthumously) 1966.

In March 1987, the Commission entrusted me with producing a third volume (= pi-omega, 13844 entries) to bring the project to completion. I have worked on this since July 1988, supervised by the Commission and supported by four years' stipend from the Carlsberg Foundation (Carlsbergfondet), which has also financed the acquisition of computer equipment. The four stipends were divided into eight portions. The last portion covered a period ending in early April 1996.

In 1998 the backing of the Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, combined with the generosity of the Fritz Thyssen Stiftung at Cologne, resulted in my being given a stipend for a four year period, and I received the first instalment in October 1998. I am thus once more able to concentrate on finishing the task. I am currently working on the letter sigma.
I am in regular contact with the following, who read and comment on instalments of my work: Prof. Klaus Alpers (the Danish Academy's supervisor of the project), Hamburg; Dr. Ian C. Cunningham, Minard (Argyll)/Edinburgh; Prof. Rudolf Kassel, Köln; Dr. Martin L. West, All Souls College, Oxford.


Peter Allan Hansen"




Next let's compile these five subjects:

1)Ancient Macedonian Commoners names.

2)The Pella Katadesmos(Curse).

3)The name of the Months.

4)Etymologicum Magnum

5)Hesychius's Greek Lexicon


We get the following LOGIC:


1)The Pella Katadesmos and several other inscriptions are shown by LINGUIST
to be of a Dorian form.

2)There are NO Dorians in the region of Macedonia!!

3)The Macedonians adopted ATTIC/IONIAN dialect/language.

4)The Ancient Macedonian Commoners had GREEK NAMES

5)The Macedonians had the same names as other Dorian tribes for certain months.

a)The 2nd month• Apellaios, moon of November, also a Spartan and Dorian month - Apellaiôn was a Tenian month

b)The 7th month• Artemisios or Artamitios, moon of April, also a Spartan, Rhodian and Epidaurian month - Artemisiôn was an Ionic month

c)The 9th month -• Daisios, moon of May is the same as the Corinthian and Epidaurian ones.

d)The 12th month-Gorpiaios, moon of August is the same as the Cretan.

e)The 7th month- Artemisios or Artamitios, moon of April is also Rhodian and Epidaurian.


6)Corinthians, Cretans, Epidaurians and Rhodians are once again of DORIAN STOCK.(ALSO the Spartans)

The link? A common ancestry amongst these DORIAN PEOPLES.


7)How is it that the names of the 2nd and 7th months of the Macedonian calendar are the same as the Spartan one?

8)Sparta lies at the head of the Peloponnese, far away from Macedonia, in Southern Greece. Ancient Macedonians and Spartans had no contacts but nevertheless they both shared two month's names. How come?

The explanation: Both Macedonians and Spartans are (as stated by Herodotus) of Dorian stock. Not only were Macedonia and Sparta both kingdoms and warlike people but they had the same Dorian origin.

9)The link? A common ancestry amongst these Dorian peoples.


If they shared a Dorian language(shown by the Pella Katadesmos) and they shared names of the MONTHS with Dorians(and they had no contact with Dorians) WHAT WOULD LOGIC DICTATE AS TO THE ORIGINS OF THE MACEDONIANS???

It would dictate that the Macedonians were of Dorian stock(as stated by Herodotus) and that their "Mother-Tongue" was Dorian with some mixing of Thracian and Illyrian words into it.

[akritas]

Spartan
you can put your argyments in the specific links that mention Pella Katadesmos and ancient Macedonian language. Every body knows that the Macedonians were Greeks, spoken Greeks and had the same customs with the rest of the Geeks.